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Posts Tagged ‘breach of contract’

Suing a Doctor for Breach of Contract

Thursday, April 14th, 2011

There are four things to remember about suing a doctor for breach of contract:

1. You have to show that it was something you would not have done without an explicit promise of a good result.
2. You should have the doctor’s promise in writing, or one reliable witness, if it was a verbal promise.  Otherwise, it will turn into a dispute, with you on the losing end.
3. The results have to be far below what you could reasonably expect, e.g. your nose looks much worse than it did before Plastic Surgery.
4. Your expectations must be reasonable, e.g. if your knees are crippled by arthritis or old injuries, you cannot expect the doctor to make them work like they did when you were sixteen.

Suing a Doctor for Breach of Contract:

1. In suing for breach of contract, the time limit is much longer than for a medical malpractice or dental malpractice lawsuit.  If you have run over your time limit to file a malpractice lawsuit, and can satisfy the conditions noted above, you may be able to salvage your case by a suit for breach of contract.

2. You do not have to prove the doctor committed malpractice.  You only have to show that the results did not conform to the doctor’s promises.  In many cases, the report of a surgical operation only describes the mechanical details of what was done.  It does not say how well it was done and is useless to prove malpractice.  A report of a gallbladder operation might describe everything as going perfectly, but if you still have trouble and your x-rays show that gall stones were left behind, it does not matter what the surgeon’s report says.

Disadvantages of Suing a Doctor for Breach of Contract:

1. The amount you receive may be limited.  In some states, you can only sue for what you have lost.  This is known as Reliance Damages, the money you lost by relying on the doctor’s promises.  In other states, you can also get Expectancy Damages, compensation for the happiness, satisfaction, and gains you would have achieved if the doctor had made good on his promise.  Expectancy damages can run almost as high as what you would receive in a medical malpractice or dental malpractice lawsuit.

2. You must prove there was a definite promise of a specific result.  The law governing breach of contract is different from laws governing medical malpractice or dental malpractice and is different in every state.  Only your lawyer can tell you whether it will be worthwhile, or even possible, in your case.

The Rule Is: A lawsuit for breach of contract can sometimes succeed when you cannot sue for malpractice.  Only your lawyer can decide whether this is the way to go.

Express Warranty or Implied Warranty by Your Doctor

Tuesday, March 22nd, 2011

If a doctor tells you that you are sure to get a good result, or there is absolutely no chance of anything going wrong, that is what is known as an Express Warranty and creates a contract.  You give him your money, or put up with the suffering, inconvenience, and time lost due to the treatment, in consideration of his express warranty that he can produce a certain result.

What if the doctor does not actually make any specific promises?  What if he says, “I have given these weight-loss pills to over 500 patients, and no one has ever had a bad reaction.”  What if a plastic surgeon shows you photos of patients he has operated on, and every photo shows an attractive person, so you think, “This doctor never misses.  All his patients look wonderful, so I will, too.”  Are those warranties, even if he did not spell them out in so many words?

Yes.  This type of inducement creates what lawyers call an Implied Warranty and also creates a contract between you and the doctor.  Even though the doctor did not spell it out, his presentation to you was designed to create the impression that nothing could go wrong.  In some states, the courts will recognize an implied warranty as grounds for a lawsuit for breach of contract, but you have to be careful.  As already explained in our blog, giving a good prognosis is recognized and accepted medical practice, to reassure the patient.  The courts in most states will consider an implied warranty as just a prognosis and not a contract.

An unusual case of an implied warranty, giving rise to a successful lawsuit for breach of contract, took place in New York City.  A famous plastic surgeon, who was also a talented artist, used to give his patients sketches showing what they would look like after he operated on them.  When one patient’s nose did not turn out like the nose in the doctor’s sketch, she sued for breach of contract.  The New York court held that the sketch was an implied contract and she won.

The Rule Is: If you claim the doctor gave you a warranty, either express or implied, you have to be prepared to show that it went well beyond what could be considered as a good prognosis and misled you into submitting to treatment you would not otherwise have had.

For instance, a ruptured appendix needs to be attended to immediately.  Either it comes out right away or you could develop anything from an abdominal abscess to a fatal peritonitis.  So, it does not really matter what the doctor tells you before he operates.  On the other hand, you are not going to let a doctor do major surgery on your arthritic knee, or a rhinoplasty (nose job) on your daughter, unless you are reasonably sure  he will produce a good result.  You have time to look for a doctor, who will do the best job.  If the procedure is something unrelated to your health or well being, like a face lift, it may not matter whether you ever have it done.

Did You Have a Contract With Your Doctor?

Tuesday, March 8th, 2011

What if a doctor says, “I’ll admit I promised my patient a good result, and it didn’t turn out that way, but I defy you to show that I did anything wrong.”  Maybe you do not have to.  It is good medical practice and dental practice for doctors to give what is called a prognosis, which means an educated guess.  They will tell patients that everything will be all right, or that they will recover, or predict the outcome of disease.  It is a time-honored tradition to make the patient feel better, and it is not binding on the doctor.

The prognosis is not a guarantee of good results.  The courts have ruled that when a doctor accepts you as a patient, he only undertakes to treat you, not to cure you or produce any specific result.  In fact, the medical profession considered that, since no one can predict the outcome of an illness with any degree of certainty, any such guarantee is unethical.  Most good doctors avoid saying anything that could be taken as a specific promise or guarantee of results and will rarely give you more than a general idea of what to expect.

There is an exception, however, when the doctor persuades you to submit to some treatment on the express promise that he will produce a certain result.  This is especially true when the treatment is something you really did not need and would not have submitted to but for the doctor’s specific promise.  In other words, you may have reason to sue for Breach of Contract if you did something, or submitted to some unnecessary treatment or surgery, just because you relied on the doctor’s promise of good results.  The doctor’s promise does not have to be spelled out or put in writing.  You would have to show that you acted in reliance on the doctor’s explicit promise of a good result.

Examples of Weak Cases IV

Monday, August 31st, 2009

Stale Cases

You knew you were the victim of malpractice but did not know what to do.  You were so shocked and depressed that you kept it to yourself, or like many people, you hated the thought of getting involved in a lawsuit and waited three or four years before deciding to go ahead and consult a lawyer.  It may be too late, and you may be barred from filing your lawsuit.  It is called the Statute of Limitations and applies to you if you do not file your lawsuit within the prescribed time.  You will be forever barred from suing.

The time limit is generally two to three years from the Date of Discovery, which is the date on which you discover, or should have discovered, that you were the victim of malpractice.  Most states grant extensions for cases involving minors, mental patients, and x-ray treatment.  The statutes of limitations are different for each state, very complex, and constantly being changed.

The Rule Is: If you are in doubt about the time limit in your case, consult a lawyer.

In a Delaware case, a Georgia man suffered a broken rib on a construction site.  When he went to the hospital, the x-ray showed a surgical instrument that had been left in his abdomen by a surgeon in Delaware 10 years before.  He won his case, because there was no way he could have suspected the instrument was there.  The fact that he had not discovered it Tolled the Statute, which is a legal way of saying that it stopped the clock.

The second reason for not delaying is that people die or move away; memories fade; records become lost or mislaid; and it becomes more difficult, or even impossible, for you to get the facts you need to prove your case.

The third reason is that wounds heal, scars fade, and stiff joints limber up, so that your injuries become less impressive with the passage of time.

Fourth, it may be much more difficult, or impossible, for you to collect if the doctor has died in the meantime.  There is a legal rule in many states called The Dead Man’s Rule, which means you cannot say the doctor said or did something if he is not available to refute it and defend himself.  It could be used to prevent you from bringing in the necessary testimony to win your case.

Furthermore, a lot of doctors have what is known as Claims Made malpractice insurance policies, which only cover claims actually filed while the policy is in force.  If your lawsuit is filed after the doctor dies or retires and his insurance lapses, there may not be any money to pay you, even if you win.

Finally, many jurors will ask themselves why you have delayed so long in asking for relief.  If you think you have been the victim of malpractice, do not sit on your rights.  Consult a lawyer.

Plastic Surgery

Juries are sympathetic to people who have been disfigured or injured through no fault of their own and made worse by Plastic Surgery.  However, outside of localities where cosmetic surgery is common, juries do not sympathize with people who have surgery done for reasons they consider frivolous.  The average jury is composed of ordinary people, who work for a living.  The idea of someone spending thousands of dollars just to look better, and then complain because the result was not as good as expected, do not move the average juror to tears.

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery, which is done for vanity, is unnecessary to the patient’s health.  The surgeon may do a selling job to persuade the patient to go through with it, often just to get the surgical fee, which can amount to thousands of dollars for an hour’s work doing a “nose job.”  In that case, it is a different matter.  You can sometimes get around the difficult job of proving malpractice and file a suit for breach of contract.  The surgeon persuaded you to submit to the expense, suffering, and risk of the operation on the direct or implied promise that you would look and/or feel better.  If he failed to deliver, you can probably get into court, no matter how many consent forms you signed or how many pamphlets he gave you disclaiming any promises or guarantees.  Juries tend to view those disclaimers as sharp practices and ignore them.

Dentistry

The trouble with suing a dentist is that, even if you win, you may not receive enough to make it worthwhile.  That is because most jurors have had dental work and know what wonders modern dentistry can accomplish.  Many people have cosmetic dentistry to make their teeth look perfect.  Neither the wearer or anybody else can tell them from the real thing.  As a result, a dentist can damage your teeth, and the case is not worth very much.  And, it is not much good complaining about the pain and suffering you endured, since every juror knows that pain and suffering can occur with normal dental treatment.

The exception is when a dentist causes injuries such as brain damage or death due to anesthesia; failure to give prophylactic antibiotics to patients with rheumatic heart disease; infection that spreads to other parts of the body; or nerve injuries.  A New Jersey man obtained a $400,000.00 settlement from a dentist who failed to diagnose cancer of the mouth until it had spread and required disfiguring surgery of the face and neck.

     
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